β受體阻滯劑的發現和臨床應用是二十世紀藥物治療學上的重大突破。早在1984年,β受體阻滯劑就被推薦為高血壓治療用藥,并在臨床實踐中廣為應用。根據多年來治療高血壓的大量循證醫學證據,β受體阻滯劑已成為治療高血壓的經典藥物,多年來一直是多個權威指南推薦的首選抗高血壓藥物之一。然而,近年來的研究發現,導致β受體阻滯劑降壓地位的下降,部分臨床研究的陸續發表,更使其在高血壓一線治療中的地位遭受質疑和挑戰。2013年歐洲高血壓學會(The
European Society of Hypertension,ESH)和歐洲心臟病學會(The European Society of
Cardiology,ESC)高血壓指南仍然把β受體阻滯劑歸類為高血壓一線用藥,但是,2014年最新發布的《美國成人高血壓循證管理指南》(The
Eighth Joint National Committee,JNC
8)卻未將β受體阻滯劑納入一線用藥,2014英國國家衛生與臨床優化研究所(National Institute for Health and
Care
Excellence,NICE)高血壓指南將β受體阻滯劑歸入四線用藥。因此,β受體阻滯劑是否應被視為高血壓一線治療藥物中的一種,已成為大部分高血壓指南中最具爭議性的話題。
目前,2015年臺灣高血壓管理指南剛剛正式頒布,本指南更多考慮到了包括我國大陸與臺灣在內的亞洲國家具體情況,具有一定參考價值。本文就最新發布的《2015年臺灣高血壓管理指南》即臺灣心臟病學會(Taiwan
Society of Cardiology,TSOC)和高血壓學會(Taiwan Hypertension
Society,THS)聯合發布的2015年高血壓管理指南中β受體阻滯劑在高血壓治療中的地位予以闡述。
1、2015
TSOC/THS高血壓管理指南中β受體阻滯劑在高血壓治療中的地位分析2015年臺灣高血壓指南是嚴格按照循證醫學證據來制定的,專家組將參考文獻納入標準定為:1979——2014年期間發表、大規模(>2000例受試者)、多中心隨機對照試驗(Randomized
Controlled
Trial,RCT)。此指南根據亞洲人群的具體情況,重新評價β受體阻滯劑的臨床地位。該指南指出,β受體阻滯劑對于預防冠心病的復發可能具有特別的裨益。其原因主要是基于目前最大型的薈萃分析:各種降壓藥物(β受體阻滯劑、噻嗪類利尿劑、ACEI、ARB以及鈣拮抗劑)對于心血管疾病預防的研究[1].該研究選取了50——79歲伴或不伴有心腦血管疾病的高血壓患者共958000例,入選147項研究,平均隨訪4.5年,結果發現,β受體阻滯劑與其他4類降壓藥(噻嗪類利尿劑、ACEI、ARB以及鈣拮抗劑)比較,更能減少心血管復合事件的風險(29%比15%,P
<
0.001),盡管其對陳舊性心肌梗死的患者額外益處尚有限。但此研究亦表明,服用β受體阻滯劑的無冠心病患者,發生卒中的幾率增加約18%( P
< 0.05)。由此可見,β受體阻滯劑可能更適用于合并冠心病的高血壓患者。
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