原位啟動標記法(Primed in situ labelling,PRINS),又叫寡核苷酸啟動法(Oligonucleotide-priming method)是Koch(1987)首先提出的,其基本原理是將未標記的寡核苷酸探針與細胞或組織中的靶DNA或RNA進行雜交,然后該寡核苷酸探針充當引物的作用,在Kelow多聚合酶的催化作用下,將生物素(或地高辛、熒光素)標記的核苷酸編入,以達到原位顯示的目的。PRINS技術具有3個方面的優點:首先由于探針在雜交時是未標記的,僅在雜交之后才進行標記,因此背景染色很低。至少,從理論上講,背景染色幾乎是零。其次是有效地縮短了實驗的時間,由于探針未經標記,無增加背景染色的顧慮。因此,可增加探針嘗試,縮短反應時間。雜交反應時間只需1h。實驗反應時間的縮短可有效的保持細胞或組織結構的完整性。第三個優點是能提高或增加信號的強度。Koch等曾成功的將此方法應用于染色體制片、單層細胞涂片和組織切片。它們還將此法與流式細胞計相結合以達到檢測群體離散細胞的目的。
目前,原位雜交技術主要應用于基因組圖(Gene mapping),基因表達定位(localization of gene expression),核DNA和RNA的排列,mRNA的排列和運輸(arrangement and transport of mRNA),復制(replication)和細胞的分類(sorting of cells)。臨床研究應用在細胞遺傳學(Cytogenetics),生前診斷(Prenatal diagnosis),腫瘤和傳染性疾病的診斷,生物學劑量測定(biological dosimetry)和病毒學的病原學診斷等。隨著核酸探針的制備,標記方法和基本操作方法的不斷改進,新的技術不斷涌現,相信在不久的將來,原位雜交化學技術將會更廣泛的被應用于各個學科,并不斷為生命科學提供新的資料,開拓新的領域。
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