Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 are the core regulators of mouse (m)ESC
pluripotency. Although their basic importance in human (h)ESCs has been
demonstrated, the mechanistic functions are not well defined. Here, we
identify general and cell-line-specific requirements for NANOG, OCT4,
and SOX2 in hESCs. We show that OCT4 regulates, and interacts with, the
BMP4 pathway to specify four developmental fates. High levels of OCT4
enable self-renewal in the absence of BMP4 but specify mesendoderm in
the presence of BMP4. Low levels of OCT4 induce embryonic ectoderm
differentiation in the absence of BMP4 but specify extraembryonic
lineages in the presence of BMP4. NANOG represses embryonic ectoderm
differentiation but has little effect on other lineages, whereas SOX2
and SOX3 are redundant and repress mesendoderm differentiation. Thus,
instead of being panrepressors of differentiation, each factor controls
specific cell fates. Our study revises the view of how self-renewal is
orchestrated in hESCs.