對于DSBs損傷,主要有非同源末端鏈接(Non-homologous end joining,NHEJ)和同源重組(Homologous recombination,HR)兩種,單鏈退火修復一般發生在串聯同源DNA序列中,研究較少[1](圖1)。下面小編就給大家具體介紹一下日常體內是如何通過這兩種方式修復拯救我們受傷的DNA的。
圖1. DSBs 修復途徑
Alternative pathways of DNA double-strand
break repair. Homologous recombination is the preferred route in yeast.
It involves invasion of the broken DNA strands into a homologous DNA
duplex molecule. This process requires Rad52 (a DNA end-binding
protein), Rad51 (which forms filaments along the unwound DNA strands),
DNA polymerases and other less well-characterized gene products. The DNA
ends are ligated by DNA ligase I and the interwound DNA strands are
separated, probably by another protein complex, with no loss of genetic
information. Only one of many possible recombination products is shown
here. Single-strand annealing takes place between two homologous DNA
sequences in tandem (yellow and orange boxes) by a less well-studied
mechanism. It also requires Rad52, and extensive degradation of the two
unannealed strands results in considerable loss of genetic material.
Nonhomologous end joining rejoins the two broken ends directly. It
requires the DNA end-binding protein Ku which, in mammalian cells, forms
a complex with DNA-PKcs(red). Other steps in this process involve the
Rad50–Mre11—Nbs1 complex in mammals (which may also be involved in
homologous recombination, at least in yeast) and the XRCC4—DNA ligase IV
complex. Few, or no, bases are missing from the products of
nonhomologous end joining.
Rapid association of Ku to DSBs promotes
NHEJ by recruiting DNA-PKcs. Sequential phosphorylation events on
multiple DNA-PKcs amino acid clusters favors the initial processing of
DNA ends by ARTEMIS, followed by DNA-PKcs-dependent protection of DNA
ends required for DNA ligation.
HR需要以未受傷的姐妹染色單體的同源序列作為其修復的模板。MRN復合物識別DSBs,結合到DNA末端,修復第一步就是要將DNA末端進行修剪,MRN復合物和轉錄因子CtIP(CtBP-interacting
protein)促進DNA末端切割過程,造成5’末端DNA降解,產生3’單鏈DNA(ssDNA),3’
ssDNA被復制蛋白A(Replication protein
A,RPA)包被,使其免受核酸酶的降解,去除二級結構;然后由BRCA2蛋白介導,RPA被重組酶RAD51替換,形成核蛋白絲尋找姐妹染色單體上的同源序列,RAD51蛋白介導侵入DNA雙鏈模板,與同源DNA序列配對形成D-Loop結構,D-Loop延伸或與另一個末端連接,完成修復過程[3] 。
圖3. HR
The MRN-CtIP-complex starts resection on
the breaks to generate single stranded DNA (ssDNA). After resection the
break can no longer be repaired byNHEJ. The ssDNA is first coated by
RPA, which is subsequently replaced by Rad51 with the help of BRCA2.
These Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments mediate strand invasion on the
homologous template. Extension of the D-loop and capture of the second
end lead to repair.
Nuclease-induced double strand breaks
(DSBs) can be repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or
homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways. Imprecise NHEJ mediated repair
can produce insertion and/or deletion mutations of variable length at
the site of the DSB. HDR-mediated repair can introduce precise point
mutations or insertions from a single-stranded or double stranded DNA
donor template.
圖5. (a,b) gRNA-directed Cas9 nuclease can
induce indel mutations (a) or specific sequence replacement or
insertion (b). (c) Pairs of gRNA-directed Cas9 nucleases can stimulate
large deletions or genomic rearrangements (e.g., inversions or
translocations).
1.Featherstone, C., & Jackson, S. P. (1999). DNA double-strand break repair. Current Biology, 9(20), R759–R761.
2.Ciccia, A., & Elledge, S. J.
(2010). The DNA Damage Response: Making It Safe to Play with Knives.
Molecular Cell, 40(2), 179–204.
3.Brandsma, I., & Gent, D. C. (2012).
Pathway choice in DNA double strand break repair: observations of a
balancing act. Genome Integrity, 3(1), 9.
4.Sander, J. D., & Joung, J. K.
(2014). CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting
genomes. Nature Biotechnology, 32(4), 347–355.
5.Ma, Y., Chen, W., Zhang, X., Yu, L.,
Dong, W., Pan, S., … Zhang, L. (2016). Increasing the efficiency of
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated precise genome editing in rats by inhibiting NHEJ
and using Cas9 protein. RNA Biology, 13(7), 605–612.