HFrEF治療的現代史始于血管舒張劑作為心衰治療方法的引入。V-HeFT
I研究(1986)顯示,與安慰劑或哌唑嗪相比,肼苯噠嗪加硝酸異山梨酯可相抵患者死亡率。不久之后,CONSENSUS(1987)和SOLVD-治療試驗(1991a)證實,ACEI類藥物依那普利可使患者的總體死亡率降低16%-40%.V-HeFT
II
(1991b)顯示,依那普利優于肼苯噠嗪和硝酸異山梨酯聯合應用。SOLVD-預防試驗(1992)顯示,依那普利在降低無癥狀HFrEF患者心衰住院率方面存在獲益。這些里程碑式的試驗開創了心衰治療的ACEI時代,25年來ACEI類藥物一直是心衰治療的核心。
但是,表中列出的試驗并不全都是成功的。具有正性肌力作用的磷酸二酯酶抑制劑就是一個典型的例子。大型臨床試驗PROMISE(1991c)顯示,與安慰劑相比口服米力農使心衰患者死亡率增加了28%.新型正性肌力藥物試驗結果令人失望。另一種正性肌力作用的老藥強心苷同樣令人失望。自從230年前
William Withering的經典觀察(An Account of the Foxglove, and Some of Its
Medical Uses: With Practical Remarks on Dropsy, and Other
Diseases)文章發表,洋地黃苷就成為心衰治療的中流砥柱。然而1997年的DIG試驗(Digitalis Investigation
Group)明確顯示,***對心衰患者的死亡率無顯著獲益,但它的確能降低患者總體住院率和心衰住院率達28%.盡管歷史悠久、而且可以用來減輕癥狀、減少心衰住院治療,但強心苷已不再作為心衰的一線治療。
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